India
Republic of India
- Region
- Asia · Southern Asia
- Capital
- New Delhi
- Population
- 1,463,865,525 (2025)
- Government
- federal parliamentary republic
- Currency
- Indian rupee (INR)
- Official languages
- English, Hindi, Tamil
- Spoken languages
- Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%
- Written scripts
- Latin, Devanagari, Tamil
- Area
- 3,287,590 km²
- Coastline
- Coastal
- UN member
- Yes
- Affiliations
- ASEAN (dialogue partner), BRICS, G20, IMF, Arab League (observer), OECD (partner), SCO (observer), WCO, WTO
- Borders
- Bangladesh , Bhutan , Myanmar , China , Nepal , Pakistan
Political stability
52 / 100
Economic stability
67 / 100
Population stability
92 / 100
0–100, higher is more stable. Political: World Bank governance score. Economic: government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and inflation proximity to 2% (World Bank). Population: stability of growth and net migration rates (World Bank).
Trade profile
- Key exports
- refined petroleum, packaged medicine, diamonds, broadcasting equipment, garments (2023)
- Key imports
- crude petroleum, gold, coal, natural gas, integrated circuits (2023)
- Natural resources
- coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds
- Luxury goods
- cut and polished diamonds, gold jewelry, silk, basmati rice
- Primary route
- Arabian Sea gateways (Mundra, JNPT) to Europe via Suez and to the Gulf
- Secondary route
- Bay of Bengal services to Southeast and East Asia
The xin.bz view
- India supplies roughly 40% of world rice exports; its 2026 monsoon is running about 13% below normal, but roughly 90.7M t of central-pool stocks (50.5M t wheat, 40.2M t rice) give the government substantial room before export policy tightens.
- Monsoon weakness creates exposure across cotton, soybeans, corn, pulses, and the wheat and rapeseed crops that follow — while as the world’s largest vegetable-oil importer, India pulls on the same palm-oil supply Indonesia is diverting into biodiesel.
- The power system shows the monsoon paradox: localized heavy rain in coal states disrupted mining and rail, leaving 45 plants with critically low stocks and roughly 10 days of coal nationally while heat keeps electricity demand elevated.
- India’s August urea tender cleared 1.7795M t at $390–394/mt CFR — buying at that scale immediately tightens nearby global urea availability in a market already squeezed by Hormuz.
xin.bz coverage
El Niño 2026–27: Where Supply Falls, Where It Rises, and Which Corridors Carry It
The 2026–27 El Niño is on track to be one of the strongest on record. A quarter-by-quarter outlook of where supply falls, where it rises, and which trade corridors absorb the change.
El Niño's Caribbean Chain Reaction: Water Stress, Rice Stocks and Panama Limits Arrive Together
El Niño connects Caribbean water stress, falling U.S. rice stocks, a weak Indian monsoon, and Panama Canal limits into one food, freight, and stability risk through mid-2027.
El Niño Is Tightening the World's Food Valves
India's 90.7M t grain buffer, early Philippine rice buying, Indonesia's B50 palm-oil pull, and Nepal's flood — governments now decide how much food this region releases to the world.
El Niño Is Increasing the World's Need for Eurasia — Geopolitics Will Decide What Gets Through
Russia's ~60M t exportable grain, Kazakh wheat and uranium, Belarusian potash, Turkmen gas, and the Middle Corridor — El Niño raises the world's need for Eurasia while geopolitics decides what gets through.
El Niño Is Raising the Middle East's Food and Water Needs — While War Is Rewriting How Supply Gets In and Energy Gets Out
Gulf desalination and grain buying, Egypt's Nile and Suez loops, Hormuz fertilizer constraints, and $280B+ in reconstruction demand — the Middle East sits on both sides of the El Niño shock.
Africa Is Building a Continental Trade System in Real Time: AfCFTA Moves From Treaty to Customs Gates, Payment Rails and Freight Corridors
AfCFTA's implementation era in 2026 — customs modernization, PAPSS payment expansion, the Abidjan-Lagos and Lobito corridors, and the regional manufacturing buildout reshaping intra-African trade.
Vessel-Days Are Becoming the Scarce Asset in Global Shipping
The merchant fleet is growing while effective capacity tightens — Hormuz detours, Panama slot cuts, war-risk insurance, officer shortages and drydocking are consuming the ship-days that move cargo.
Zimbabwe's Antimony Export Restriction Turns Processing Capacity Into Strategic Power
Zimbabwe has placed antimony and tungsten behind a national gate, and the decisive contest is now over who finances the processing capacity — in a market where three countries mine 85% of world supply.
The Saudi Bypass Is Gone
Drones from Iraq shut the East-West pipeline, the only overland route around Hormuz. The line took two years to build and a decade to reach 7 million barrels a day. Rapid-repair claims meet parts, people, and security limits, and European refiners have lost their October Saudi crude.
India's Export Surge Is Draining Its 40-Foot Containers
Record August exports emptied Nhava Sheva of 40-foot boxes. Releasing boxes held behind uncleared cargo and loading US empties with light American exports bound for inland India are the nearest sources of supply.
DR Congo's Ebola Supply Line Is Stretching From Entebbe to the Clinic Door
More than 2,000 tonnes of Ebola supplies have moved into eastern DR Congo through Entebbe and Bunia. A new strain, a 14-day vaccine clock, the rains, unpaid staff and a divided east decide how much reaches the clinics.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Potash Is the Potassium Backbone of Global Agriculture — and Its Supply Is Concentrated in a Handful of Countries
Potash (potassium chloride/MOP) deep dive — Canada, Russia, China, and Belarus at 76% of mine output, the rail-and-port chokepoints, storage, price history, and why potassium is agriculture's irreplaceable nutrient.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Sorghum Is the Drought-Tolerant Grain Linking Food Security to U.S.–China Feed Trade
Sorghum deep dive — the U.S. supplies 50.6% of world exports and China takes 77.6% of imports, Kansas and Texas hold 82% of the U.S. crop, and one month of Plains drought cut USDA's forecast 22%.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Fertilizer Converts Energy and Mined Minerals Into Crop Yield — and Its Supply Chain Has Become a Strategic Chokepoint
Fertilizer deep dive — 216M t of nutrients produced against 197M t used, nitrogen tied to natural gas, Hormuz choking a third of urea trade, and why N, P, and K are irreplaceable in plant nutrition.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Wheat Is the Grain That Feeds a Fifth of Humanity's Calories — and a Quarter of Its Exports Leave Through One 700-Metre Channel
Wheat deep dive — 822.4 Mt of world production against 211.7 Mt of trade, China at 140.1 Mt, Russia exporting 43.0 Mt through the Turkish Straits, and CBOT nearby wheat at $7.26 a bushel.
Future Insight ·
Rearming the World Is Becoming a Race for Explosives, Factories, Critical Minerals, and Trusted Supply Chains
Future Insights deep dive — the 2026–2032 global rearmament cycle: a ~2.6 million tonne military replacement obligation, and the industrial race in explosives, propellant, rare-earth magnets, and trusted supply chains.
Future Insight ·
The Holiday Inventory Has Already Moved
Future Insights — the 2026 holiday season arrived through warehouses months before shoppers: purchase orders placed by May, inventory handed downstream in August, $1 trillion in U.S. sales on flat units, and factory labor tracing the new production map from India to Vietnam.
Future Insight ·
Every Ship Is a Network: Maritime Cyber Risk From NotPetya to the 2027 Deadline
Future Insights — the maritime cyber record from GAO, Coast Guard Cyber Command, MARAD and ENISA: NotPetya at $250–300M and attributed to the GRU, GPS spoofing from a 2013 UT Austin experiment to 1,700 events at Hormuz, default credentials on two-thirds of Coast Guard missions, and the plans due July 2027.
Future Insight ·
Two Programs, One Ridge: The Supply Chain That Decides the Moon Race, 2024–2036
Future Insights — the second Moon race as a logistics contest: $93 billion spent, more than 10 tanker flights per landing, and two programs aimed at the same sunlit ridge above a crater that has been dark for billions of years.
Trade research
- WTO trade profile — tariffs, trade in goods and services, top partners
- World Bank country data — GDP, trade share of GDP, logistics indicators
- OEC trade profile — export/import composition and partners, visualized
- ITC Trade Map — detailed trade statistics by product (ITC/UN Comtrade)
- CIA World Factbook — geography, economy, transportation infrastructure
xin.bz can watch India for you — email alerts when new disruptions hit. Start free
Sources: mledoze/countries (ODbL), CIA World Factbook (public domain), World Bank Open Data (CC BY-4.0), flag-icons (MIT). Stability scores are xin.bz composites of the cited World Bank indicators; routes and commodity notes are xin.bz assessments. Informational only — verify with official sources.