Peru
Republic of Peru
- Region
- Americas · South America
- Capital
- Lima
- Population
- 34,576,665 (2025)
- Government
- presidential republic
- Currency
- Peruvian sol (PEN)
- Official languages
- Aymara, Quechua, Spanish
- Spoken languages
- Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%
- Written scripts
- Latin
- Area
- 1,285,216 km²
- Coastline
- Coastal
- UN member
- Yes
- Affiliations
- APEC, IMF, Mercosur (associate), WCO, WTO
- Borders
- Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador
Political stability
55 / 100
Economic stability
63 / 100
Population stability
90 / 100
0–100, higher is more stable. Political: World Bank governance score. Economic: government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and inflation proximity to 2% (World Bank). Population: stability of growth and net migration rates (World Bank).
Trade profile
- Key exports
- copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)
- Key imports
- refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)
- Natural resources
- copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
- Critical minerals
- Major copper, silver, and zinc producer.
- Luxury goods
- alpaca fiber, pisco
- Primary route
- Pacific services to Asia (Callao; Chancay hub)
- Secondary route
- Panama Canal connections to U.S. East Coast and Europe
The xin.bz view
- Peru is the world’s structural fish-meal supplier (~20% of a 5.1M t market) and 2026 is its shock year: the 1.914M t North-Central anchovy quota was suspended June 10 at only ~25% caught, a 120-day national fisheries emergency was declared August 24, and the World Bank benchmark hit $2,105/mt.
- Coastal rainfall and flood risk extend to roads, ports, mining logistics, and fruit exports, while wheat and corn imports keep transportation critical in both directions.
xin.bz coverage
El Niño 2026–27: Where Supply Falls, Where It Rises, and Which Corridors Carry It
The 2026–27 El Niño is on track to be one of the strongest on record. A quarter-by-quarter outlook of where supply falls, where it rises, and which trade corridors absorb the change.
El Niño Is Reordering South America's Export Map
El Niño makes South America the world's replacement supplier — record Brazilian crops, Argentine rainfall gains, Peru's fishmeal shock, and the logistics that decide who can move it.
El Niño Is Raising the Cost of Keeping Northeast Asia's Factories Running
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan convert imported energy, grain, and materials into the world's chips, cars, and ships — El Niño raises the cost of keeping that system supplied and moving.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Fish Meal Is the High-Protein Feed Commodity Whose Global Supply Can Turn on One Peruvian Fishery
Fish meal deep dive — Peru's anchovy fishery supplies ~20% of a 5.1M t market, the 2026 season stopped at 25% of quota under a 120-day national emergency, China takes 78% of exports, and prices hit $2,105/mt.
Commodity Deep Dive ·
Copper Is the Metal Every Grid, Motor, and Data Center Runs On — and Half the World Refines It in One Country
Copper deep dive — 23 Mt of mine supply against 29 Mt of refining capacity, Chile at 23% of output, China at 48% of smelting, treatment charges at zero, and a record $14,858/t after Grasberg and El Teniente.
Future Insight ·
The AI Factory Becomes an Industrial Commodity Complex — How Data Centers Reshape Cooling, Water, Power, Metals, and Global Trade Through 2050
Future Insights deep dive — how AI data centers reshape global demand for copper, transformers, cooling equipment, waste heat, and grid capacity through 2050, and what it means for global trade.
Trade research
- WTO trade profile — tariffs, trade in goods and services, top partners
- World Bank country data — GDP, trade share of GDP, logistics indicators
- OEC trade profile — export/import composition and partners, visualized
- ITC Trade Map — detailed trade statistics by product (ITC/UN Comtrade)
- CIA World Factbook — geography, economy, transportation infrastructure
xin.bz can watch Peru for you — email alerts when new disruptions hit. Start free
Sources: mledoze/countries (ODbL), CIA World Factbook (public domain), World Bank Open Data (CC BY-4.0), flag-icons (MIT). Stability scores are xin.bz composites of the cited World Bank indicators; routes and commodity notes are xin.bz assessments. Informational only — verify with official sources.